How does iAVs handle pH levels, and what is the optimal pH range?

This is covered in Chapter 16 in the iAVs Handbook

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iAVs naturally maintains a stable pH through a balance of biological processes and buffering mechanisms. The optimal pH range for iAVs is 6.4 (±0.4). This slightly acidic range:

• Optimizes nutrient availability for plants, particularly phosphorus and iron.
• Supports beneficial microbial activity, particularly nitrifying bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrate.
• Creates a favorable environment for both plant and fish health.

The interaction between plant nutrient uptake, nitrification, and the sand medium’s buffering capacity all contribute to pH stability in iAVs.